Add the black beans and ham hock to a large Dutch oven. Cover the beans with water and bring to a gentle simmer. Cover and cook for 1 1/2 to 2 hours, or until the beans begin to soften. Add more water as needed to keep the beans covered and prevent burning.
Heat the olive oil in a skillet over medium-high heat. Add the onion and bell peppers and sauté for 1 to 2 minutes.
Add the garlic and cook for 30 seconds. Stir in the cumin, oregano, red wine vinegar, sugar, bay leaf, salt, and pepper. Cook for approximately 3 minutes to make the sofrito.
Add the sofrito to the Dutch oven and stir. Bring to a boil, reduce the heat to low, and simmer for another 30 to 40 minutes, or until the beans are tender and creamy. Add water as needed.Remove the ham hock and bay leaf. Set the ham hock aside to cool slightly. Transfer a portion of the beans, peppers, and broth to a heat-safe bowl. Blend with an immersion blender until smooth, then stir the blended mixture back into the pot.
Shred the tender ham, discard the bone and any unwanted pieces, and return the meat to the soup.
Taste and adjust the seasonings. Serve hot with your favorite toppings, sourdough cornbread, or warm rice.